To achieve stability for the dome, Brunelleschi also enhanced the support walls and pillars and created the four semicircular tribunes of the basilica interior. To erect the structure, Brunelleschi had designed extraordinary machines and launched the first construction site of the modern era: aerial (with a platform installed at height), and organised in every detail (guaranteeing labour efficiency and worker safety). The architect would unfortunately never see this completed work, having died in 1446. At the top of the lantern stands the "golden ball" by Verrocchio, placed in 1471, although the current one is a reconstruction made in the early 1600s.
The lantern is a white marble tower, 21 metres (68.9 feet) in height, whose weight counterbalances the thrust forces of the internal dome, exactly as planned by Brunelleschi. In the sections: from the "Porta della "Mandorla" entrance to the first balcony, including the balcony īetween the aforementioned balcony and the panoramic terrace įrom the second balcony, included, to the "Porta dei Canonici" exit. IT IS FORBIDDEN TO STAY OR STOP TEMPORARILY IN THE FOLLOWING PLACES:Ĭonnecting stairs, both uphill and downhill In compliance with the obligations of Articles 15 paragraph 1 letter a), and 18 paragraph 1 letters h) and z) Law No 81 / Apregarding the protection of health and safety in the workplace These converge towards the seraglio or “tightening”: the ring at the top, in turn supporting the large lantern. The bricks are laid in herringbone pattern and the external dome is covered in terracotta tiles, marked by eight ribs in white marble. The two “shells” are united by the structures of 24 meridian and 10 parallel ribs, and the cavity between the twin domes hosts the stairway to the lantern (463 steps). One of these sails has a greater set-back than the others and supports the rest. It is an octagonal structure in stone and brick masonry, with external diameter 54.8 metres (179.79 feet) and interior diameter 45.5 metres (149 feet), but in fact consisting of two domes: one internal and the other external, each composed of eight "sails", or pendentives. Such a structure had been planned since the 1300s, but the admirable innovation of Brunelleschi was to create it without reinforcements in wood, since none could have sustained a cupola of this size. The dome was built between 14 to a plan by Filippo Brunelleschi, and is still the largest masonry vault in the world.
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